Air pollution has emerged as a significant and complex environmental challenge in Bangladesh, with serious consequences for public health, environmental sustainability, and economic development. The increasing rate of urbanization, industrialization, transportation, and other anthropogenic activities have led to the deterioration of air quality, mainly urban areas such as Dhaka, Chattogram and Khulna. These cities frequently exceed the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended thresholds for key pollutants, including particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and sulfur dioxide (SO2). This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the sources, effects, and mitigation techniques of air pollution in urban areas of Bangladesh. Using a combination of secondary data and case studies, this research scrutinizes, the health risks associated with exposure to hazardous air pollutants, including respiratory, and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), as well as the broader environmental effects such as soil degradation, reduced visibility, and contributions to climate change. This study also evaluates the effectiveness of existing regulatory frameworks and identifies gaps in enforcement and public involvement. Key findings suggest that while policies are in place, their implementation remains inconsistent, and more stringent air quality regulations, advanced technologies, and enhanced public awareness initiatives are critical for mitigating the harmful effects of air pollution. Moreover, this study offers actionable recommendations for improving air quality management, protecting public health, and ensuring long-term environmental sustainability in Bangladesh.