Chronic exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation can cause degenerative changes in the cells, fibrous tissues and blood vessels. Moreover, microbiological attacks pose severe risks to human health and are a major cause of sickness worldwide. The aim of this work is to develop UV protective and antimicrobial materials using zinc oxide (ZnO) colloidal solution with carrot and orange peel extract. Treated samples were subjected to color strength (K/S value) measurement, scanning electron microscope (SEM) image analysis, attenuated total reflectance (ATR) Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis, ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) test, bacterial reduction rate analysis and bursting strength measurement. The study revealed that the treated fabric exhibited remarkable UV protection capabilities, as evidenced by low transmission percentages across UV wavelengths and an outstanding UPF rating of 50, signifying excellent defense against harmful ultraviolet radiation. Additionally, antibacterial tests revealed the significant effectiveness of the treatment against common bacterial strains, with impressive reduction rates for Staphylococcus aureus (99.99%) and Escherichia coli (99.17%). Furthermore, the fabric's bursting strength, both in dry and wet conditions, remained nearly unchanged after treatment. ATR-FTIR analysis and SEM imaging provided insights into the phytochemical compounds that give protection against UV composition (44.63–49.91) and surface morphology of the treated fabric, elucidating the mechanisms behind its enhanced properties. Due to the availability of carrot and orange peel in nature and low cost of raw materials, this process can be considered to apply commercially for further research purposes.