The knowledge management systems (KMS) are crucial tools for enhancing organizational performance (OP). However, systematic investigations into their key success factors (KSFs) remain limited. This study aims at identifying KSFs of KMS that impact OP. The study conducts a systematic literature review (SLR) based on preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA), considering studies published over the past 35 years (1990–2024). A total of 57 relevant studies were analyzed, yielding 100 KSFs, grouped into five categories, and 60 mediating factors (MFs) that influence the relationship between KMS and OP. Based on these findings, a conceptual framework is developed, illustrating how KMS-KSFs impact OP through MFs, offering a blueprint for the successful implementation of KMS. The findings provide significant insights for both practitioners and researchers.