Nanofiber technology is a changing technique for treating cancer that attacks the stem cells and immunocompetent cells. The large surface area, variable porosity, and ability of nanofibers to mimic the extracellular matrix make them an excellent platform for versatile drug delivery and modulation of the immune system. This chapter investigates how nanofibers can help in the targeted delivery of antitumor therapies to stem cells and change immunocompetent cells, thus improving the body's immunological response to cancer, despite their potential to address challenges like biocompatibility, manufacturing on a large scale, controlled medicine release, and understanding the complicated interactions with the persisting microenvironment of a tumor. Overcoming these challenges is essential to understanding the full potential of nanofibers in pharmaceutical applications. This chapter also discusses prospects, including integrating nanofiber systems with cutting-edge technologies like gene therapy and CRISPR, which can open the way for customized therapies for cancer. This technology could change the landscape of cancer treatment by filling the gap between research laboratories and its application in the clinical field, enlightening the way toward more effective and targeted medicines.