Scopus Indexed Publications

Paper Details


Title
An Explainable Quantum-Inspired QUBO Feature Selection Framework for Risk Aware Tri-Class Phishing URL Detection

Author
, Fernaz Narin Nur,

Email

Abstract

In recent days, phishing on websites has been a major cybersecurity threat. Hence correct detection is very important in real world systems. Traditional binary phishing detection techniques have high false positive and false negative rates in ambiguous cases. In this paper, we propose an explainable tri-class phishing detection framework with quantum inspired QUBO feature selection. Our framework incorporates a “suspicious” class in addition to “phishing” and “legitimate”. This reduces the possibility of selecting wrong decisions in ambiguous circumstances and also optimized the 54 features to 5 which maximizes the relevance and minimizes the redundancy. Gradient Boosting achieves 99.70 % accuracy with a 99.70 % F1-score. In comparison to binary baselines, the proposed tri-class model achieved zero high-confidence false positives and false negative. Robust generalization (σ<0.0002, train-test gap <2.3%) is confirmed by cross-validation.


Keywords

Journal or Conference Name
2026 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Quantum Photonics, Artificial Intelligence and Networking, QPAIN 2026

Publication Year
2026

Indexing
scopus